U.S. Census Office, Principal Constituent Elements of the Population of Each State (1874)

This data visualization from the Statistical Atlas of the United States Based on the Results of the Ninth Census 1870,  published in 1874 under the direction of Francis A. Walker, illustrates population statistics for each of the thirty-seven states in the Union in 1870. Specifically, it illustrates the proportion of foreign-born immigrants, native-born White people, and native-born Black people, the latter two further subdivided into White and Black persons born in and outside the state. The size of each square is proportional to the total population of the state it represents, with different colors each representing a different group of people. Each chart reads left to right, starting with the leftmost gray rectangle representing the immigrant population of each state. The section to the right of it shows the population of people of color born in the state in a striped pattern and born out of state in a dark maroon color. The next section depicts the white population born in state in a lighter pink color and those born out of state in a darker pink color. The last section shows the number of inhabitants born in that state who then moved to other states. This section is also split into two colors with the darker shade representing the inhabitants that were people of color and the lighter shade representing the white inhabitants. This helps us to understand migration patterns in the years after the Civil War, and in response to increased industrialization in urban centers.